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Sacred Geometry
by Robert Lawlor

(112 pages, pb, $15.95)
New York, Thames and Hudson, 1982
ISBN 0-500-81030-3

If you have always wondered what Pythagoras meant by "All is number", why Pythagoras and Plato held up mathematics and music (in their original sense) as the foundation for creation, this book will help you gain some practical insight. Everything Robert Lawlor writes is brilliant (see reviews of his other books). And the book is filled with illustrations and examples.

Chapter II, Sacred Geometry: Metaphor of Universal Order, is a tour de force essay on how influential is the center of the number line...whether it is zero or one. The book is worth that chapter alone.

Chapter Titles

I
The Practice of Geometry

II Sacred Geometry: Metaphor of Universal Order

III The Primal Act: The Division of Unity

IV Alternation

V Proportion and the Golden Section

VI Gnomonic Expansion and the Creation of Spirals

VII The Squaring of the Circle

VIII Meditation: Geometry becomes Music

IX
Anthropos

X The Genesis of Cosmic Volumes

Selected quotes:

p. 4

In science today we are witnessing a general shift away from the assumption that the fundamental nature of matter can be considered from the point of view of substance (particles, quanta) to the concept that the fundamental nature of the material world is knowable only through its underlying patterns of wave forms.

Both our organs of perception and the phenomenal world we perceive seem to be best understood as systems of pure pattern, or as geometric structures of form and proportion. Therefore, when many ancient cultures chose to examine reality through the metaphors of geometry and music (music being the study of the proportional laws of sound frequency), they were already very close to the position of our most contemporary science.

Professor Amstutz of the Mineralogical Institute at the University of Heidelberg recently said: 'Matter's latticed waves are spaced at intervals corresponding to the frets on a harp or guitar with analogous sequences of overtones arising from each fundamental. The science of musical harmony is in these terms practically identical with the science of symmetry in crystals.'

The point of view of modern force-field theory and wave mechanics corresponds to the ancient geometric-harmonic vision of universal order as being an interwoven configuration of wave patterns. Bertrand Russell, who began to see the profound value of the musical and geometric base to what we now call Pythagorean mathematics and number theory, also supported this view in The Analysis of Matter: 'What we perceive as various qualities of matter,' he said, 'are actually differences in periodicity.'

p. 5
Within the human consciousness is the unique ability to perceive the transparency between absolute, permanent relationships, contained in the insubstantial forms of geometric order, and the transitory, changing forms of our actual world. The content of our experience results from an immaterial, abstract, geometric architecture which is composed of harmonic waves of energy, nodes of rationality, melodic forms springing forth from the eternal realm of geometric proportion.

p. 16
Ancient geometry rests on no a priori axioms or assumptions. Unlike Euclidean and the more recent geometries, the starting point of ancient geometric thought is not a network of intellectual definitions or abstractions, but instead a meditation upon a metaphysical Unity, followed by an attempt to symbolize visually and to contemplate the pure, formal order which springs forth from this incomprehensible Oneness. It is the approach to the starting point of the geometric activity which radically separates what we may call the sacred from the mundane or secular geometries. Ancient geometry begins with One, while modern mathematics and geometry begin with Zero.

p. 21
Unity is a philosophic concept and a mystic experience expressible mathematically. The Western mentality, however, withdrew its discipline of acknowledging a supra-rational, unknowable mystery as its first principle. But in rejecting this reverence to a single unknowable unity, our mathematics and science developed into a system requiring complex, interconnected hypotheses, imaginary entities such as those mentioned above [negative numbers, infinite decimal numbers, algebraic and transcendental irrational numbers, imaginary and complex numbers] and unknown x quantities which must be manipulated, quantified or equalized as in the algebraic form of thought. So the unknown appears not just once but at every turn, and can be dealt with only by seeking quantitative solutions.

Our present thought is based on the following numerical and logical sequence:

-5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

With zero in the centre, there is a quantitative expansion 1, 2, 3 ... and our sense of balance requires having -1, -2, -3 ... on the other side, giving a series of non-existent abstractions (negative quantities) which demand an absurd logic. The system has a break-point, zero, disconnecting the continuum and dissociating the positive numbers from the negative balancing series.

In the ancient Egyptian numerical progression, beginning with one rather than zero, all the elements are natural and real:

1/5, 1/4, 1/3, 1/2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

All the elements flow out from the central unity in accordance with the law of inversion or reciprocity. The Egyptians based their mathematics on this simple, natural series of numbers, performing sophisticated operations with it for which we now need complex algebra and trigonometry. We have already seen the natural demonstration of this series in the physical laws of sound. The plucked string, when divided in half, produced double the frequency of vibrations. Thus this series expresses the essential law of Harmony.